the reindeer

* * *

1) clean (hrein klæði);

2) bright (hreinir kyndlar, hrein vápn);

3) clear (hrein rödd);

4) pure, sincere.

(-s, -ar), m. reindeer.

* * *

adj. [Ulf. hrains = καθαρός; A. S. hrân; lost in Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H. G. hreini; Germ. rein; Dan.-Swed. ren]:—clean; h. líndúkr, Hom. 138, Fs. 1; hrein klæði, Fms. vi. 207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326; hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lögr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i. 489; h. mjöll, fresh snow, Rm. 26.

β. bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles, Sól. 69; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lex. Poët.; h. sól, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagnsær, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sverð, hrein vápn, Fms. x. 360, Rétt. 120; h. rönd, a bright shield, Lex. Poët.

γ. eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean beasts, Hom. 29.

II. metaph. clean, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iðran, hreint líf, Bs. i. 270, Sól. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim.

β. = Gr. καθαρός in the N. T. of the cleansed leper; ú-hreinn, unclean; tá-hreinn, quite clean.

m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred, (þa deor he hâtað hrânas, Orosius i. 1, § 15, Bosworth’s Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere’s tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers’ track, the phrase is prob. merely poët. for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icel. text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the government only a century ago]:—a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hreins fit, Hkr. ii. 250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hold, Sks. 191. The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (the stæl-hrânas of king Alfred), cp. tálhreinn, Haustl. In northern poetry, ships are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Poët., byr-hreinn, haf-h., hún-h., unnar-h., hlýrvangs-h., Gylfa-h., all of them meaning ships, Lex. Poët.: a giant is called gnípu-h. = ‘crag-rein,’ Þd.: the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-field of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn.

COMPDS: hreinbraut.

* * *

n. pl. = dyrr, f. pl.

* * *

n. [Gr. θήρ; Ulf. djûs = θηρίον, Mark i. 13, 1 Cor. xv. 32; A. S. deôr; Engl. deer; Germ. thier; Swed.-Dan. dyr]:—an animal, beast:

α. excluding birds, dýr ok fuglar, Edda 144 (pref.); fuglar, dýr eðr sækvikindi, Skálda 170; dýrum ( wild beasts) eða fuglum, Grág. ii. 89.

β. used of wild beasts, as bears, Nj. 35, Grett. 101, Glúm. 330, Fs. 146 (bjarn-dyra): in Icel. esp. the fox, Dropl. 27, Bs. ii. 137, the fox being there the only beast of prey, hence dýr-bit; úarga-dýr, the lion; villi-d., a wild beast.

γ. used esp. of hunting deer, the deer of the forest, as in Engl. deer, the hart, etc., Hkv. 2. 36, N. G. L. i. 46, Str. 3, Fas. iii. 4, Þiðr. 228–238; hrein-d., the reindeer; rauð-d., the red deer.

COMPDS: dýrabogi, dýragarðr, dýragröf, dýrakjöt, dýrarödd, dýraskinn, dýraveiðar, dýrsbelgr, dýrshorn, dýrshöfuð.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `ram' (Od.; on the meaning as opposed to ἀρνειός Benveniste BSL 45, 103), often metaph., esp. = `battering ram' (X., Plb., hell. inscr.); also name of a plant, `kind of chickpea' (Thphr., hell. pap., Dsc.; s. below), and a sea-monster (Ael., Opp.; Strömberg Fischnamen 102).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. κριο-πρόσωπος `with a ram's face' (Hdt.), ἀντί-κριος `enemy batt. ram' (Aen. Tact.).

Derivatives: κριώδης `ram-like' (Ph.); κρίωμα `kind of ship' (Aq.), also `batt. ram' (Apollod. Poliorc.?);

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: On the formation Chantraine Formation 187. Generally as *κρῑ-Ϝός connected with κέρας `horn', but this is impossible because of the laryngeal (*ḱerh₂-). Connection was sought esp. with the Germanic name of the reindeer, OWNo. hreinn, OE hrān (IE *ḱroi-no-) (Persson Beitr. 2, 774; 891; 910 and Specht Ursprung 127 a. 138). Formally closer are some Balto-Slavic words for `curb etc.', e.g. ORuss. Csl. krivъ ' σκολιός', Lith. kreĩvas, Eastlith. kraĩvas `oblique, curbed, bent' (cf. on κροιός); the ram would then have been called after his crooked horns. - As name of a kind of chickpea κριός has nothing to do with Lat. cicer (Bq, Pok. 598); the plant has rather its name from its curbed shells, s. Strömberg Theophrastea 50. - Forssman, IF 101 (1996) 304 suggests connection with Goth. hrisjan `shake, dally', from * kris-.

Page in Frisk: 2,21-22

f. pl. fishing-bank (á þær v., er hann var vanr at sitja).

* * *

f. pl., i. e. vatztir, not vastir, for vazta rhymes with b aztan, Edda; in sing. vözt, Edda (Gl.) i. 574: [from vatr = vatn]:—a fishing-bank, = mið; á þær vaztir (thus Cod. Reg., vastir Worm.) er hann var vanr at sitja, Edda i. 168; sitja á vöztum ok hafa vað fyrir borði, N. G. L. i. 65; finna hval á vöztum, 60; þenna dag var Ingjaldr róinn á vastir (late vellum), Gísl. 48; vazta (gen. pl.) undirkúla, Edda i. 350 (cp. the verse); hrein-vaztir, poët. the reindeer’s abode, mountain, Skálda (in a verse).

f. the reindeer’s track, Egil; see hreinn, m., sub init.

f., hrein-vastir, f. pl., hrein-ver, n. a wilderness, Edda (in a verse).

the seal, Irish rón, Old Irish rón (before 900), Welsh moelron: *râno-; Lettic rohns, seal (W.Meyer, Zeit.$$+28 119). Stokes holds rón as an old borrow from Anglo-Saxon hron or hrón, hrán, whale, while the Lithuanian rùinis, Lettic rõnis, seal, must be from Teutonic. Zimmer suggests Norse hreinn, reindeer, Anglo-Saxon hrán. Cf. names Rónán, Rónóc, Mac Ronchon.

the North

reindeer calf (from its first fall to the next)

north

на север in the north, ( задвижение) north (wards)

на север от north/to the north of

Канада се намира ня север от САЩ Canada lies to/on the north of the United States

по-на север further north

пътувам на север travel north

плувам на север sail northwards

пътуване на север a journey north

реката тече от север на юг the river runs from north to south. северен north, northern

най- север most northerly, northernmost

(за раса) Nordic

север вятър a north/northerly wind

север елен reindeer

северна мечка polar bear

Северният ледовит океан the Arctic Ocean

Северно море the North Sea

Северният полярен кръг the Arctic Circle

Северва Америка North America

северна страна/стена a north side/wall

в северна посока in a northerly direction

най-северната част на the extreme north of

стая със северно изложение a room facing north

северно сияние northern lights, Aurora Borealis

* * *

сѐвер,

м., само ед. north; на \север in the north, (за движение) north(wards); на \север от north/to the north of; плувам на \север sail northwards; по-на \север further north; пътувам на \север travel north; реката тече от \север на юг the river runs from north to south.

* * *

north: My house is to the север of the lake. - Къщата ми е на север от езерото., travel север - пътувам на север

* * *

cattle raising, cattle brand, animal husbandry, stock farming.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (crianza) cattle raising, stockbreeding

2 (ganado) cattle, livestock

3 (raza particular) herd

■ el toro era de la ganadería Domecq the bull was from the Domecq herds

4 (rancho) stock farm, cattle ranch

* * *

* * *

1) (=crianza) cattle raising, stockbreeding; [en estancia] ranching

2) (=estancia) stock farm; (=rancho) cattle ranch

3) (=ganado) cattle, livestock; (=raza) breed, race of cattle

* * *

femenino ( actividad) ranching, stockbreeding; ( ganado) cattle (pl), livestock (+ sing or pl vb)

* * *

= farming, livestock, ranching, herding.

Ex. Thus, for example, the number 630 might be used for every document concerned with farming and Agriculture.

Ex. There is also a livestock marketing and processing programme for Wales.

Ex. The traditional occupational structure involved agriculture & ranching, employing skilled sheepherders.

Ex. Their main sources of livelihood are reindeer herding and tourism.

----

* ganadería intensiva = factory farming.

* * *

femenino ( actividad) ranching, stockbreeding; ( ganado) cattle (pl), livestock (+ sing or pl vb)

* * *

* * *

1 (actividad) ranching, cattle raising, stockbreeding

2 (ganado) cattle (pl), livestock (+ sing or pl vb)

toros de la ganadería de Montes bulls from the Montes ranch

* * *

* * *

ganadería nf

1. [actividad] livestock farming

2. [ganado] livestock

3. Taurom

* * *

f stockbreeding

* * *

ganadería nf

1) : cattle raising, stockbreeding

2) : cattle ranch

3) ganado: cattle pl, livestock

* * *

ganadería n

1. (ganado) livestock

2. (explotación) livestock farming

north, northern

най- северен most northerly, northernmost; ( за раса) Nordic

северен елен reindeer

* * *

сѐверен,

прил., -на, -но, -ни north, northern; в \северенна посока in a northerly direction; най-\северенен most northerly, northernmost; (за раса) Nordic; най-\северенната част на the extreme north of; \северенен вятър a north/northerly wind; \северенен елен reindeer; Северна Америка North America; \северенна комбинация спорт. ( ски) Nordic combination/combined; \северенна мечка polar bear; Северният ледовит океан the Arctic Ocean; Северният полярен кръг the Arctic Circle; Северно море the North Sea; \северенно сияние northern lights, Aurora Borealis; стая със \северенно изложение a room facing north.

* * *

north: a северен wind - северен вятър, Nсеверен America - Северна Америка; northern; Nordic; boreal; hyperborean: северен direction - северна посока; Aurora Borealis - северно сияние; the Arctic Ocean - Северният ледовит океан

deer farming, reindeer breeding

Many reindeer breeders stay permanently in the forests, while others are nomads who in summer visit the arctic tundras with their herds and, in addition, hunt and fish along the coasts of the Arctic Ocean .

s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some—upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru ‘brynjulausir,’ Hkr. i. 11—derive it from ‘berr’ ( bare) and ‘serkr’ [cp. sark, Scot. for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because ‘serkr’ is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from ‘berr’ (Germ. bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,)—‘pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur,’ Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka ( coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17]:—a ‘bear-sark,’ ‘bear-coat,’ i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.; Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3–5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserks-gangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A graphical description of the ‘furor bersercicus’ is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum, | emjaðu Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu—which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay ‘De furore Bersercico,’ Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to ‘holmgang’ ( duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hólmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander, who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm, ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head’s and Mr. Dasent’s remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with fits of the ‘furor athleticus’ is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a ‘bear-coat’ or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54, 197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether.

v/t

1. (Person) pursue, chase ( oder run) after; (Wild) track down

2. (Spur) follow

3. (Laufbahn, Politik, Idee etc., auch JUR., einen Anspruch) pursue

4. (jemanden) ungerecht, grausam: persecute; strafrechtlich: prosecute; in seinem Heimatland ( politisch) verfolgt werden be persecuted in one’s home country (for political reasons)

5. (bedrängen) dog, plague; mit Hass: persecute; (ständig beschäftigen) Traum etc.: haunt; vom Pech verfolgt dogged by misfortune; der Gedanke verfolgt mich überall hin the thought haunts me everywhere I go

6. (Gedankengang) follow up

7. (Vorgang) follow, observe; (Entwicklung) trace (auch EDV); sie verfolgte jede seiner Bewegungen she followed his every move

* * *

(heimsuchen) to haunt;

(jagen) to hunt; to chase;

(juristisch ahnden) to prosecute;

(nachfolgen) to track; to pursue; to follow;

(polizeilich ermitteln) to persecute

* * *

* * *

1) (to follow: If you want to catch him, you had better get after him at once.) get after

2) (to find out more about (something): I followed up the news.) follow up

3) (to occupy (someone's mind) too much: He is obsessed by the fear of death.) obsess

4) (to make (someone) suffer, especially because of their opinions or beliefs: They were persecuted for their religion.) persecute

5) (to follow especially in order to catch or capture; to chase: They pursued the thief through the town.) pursue

6) (to follow the track of: The herd of reindeer was being trailed by a pack of wolves.) trail

* * *

1. (nachsetzen)

▪ jdn \verfolgen to follow sb

2. (nachgehen)

eine Spur/einen Weg/eine Diskussion \verfolgen to follow a lead/a way/ a discussion

3. (politisch drangsalieren)

▪ jdn \verfolgen to persecute sb

4. (zu erreichen suchen)

▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verfolgen to pursue sth [with sth]

eine Absicht \verfolgen to have sth in mind

eine Laufbahn \verfolgen to pursue a career

5. JUR (gegen etw vorgehen)

▪ etw [irgendwie] \verfolgen to prosecute sth [in a certain way]

jdn gerichtlich \verfolgen to institute legal proceedings against sb

jdn strafrechtlich \verfolgen to prosecute sb

jeder Ladendiebstahl wird von uns verfolgt shoplifters will be prosecuted

6. (belasten)

▪ jdn \verfolgen to dog sb

vom Unglück/Pech verfolgt sein to be dogged by ill fortune/bad luck

* * *

1) pursue; hunt, track < animal>

2) (bedrängen) plague

3) (bedrohen) persecute

4) (zu verwirklichen suchen) pursue <policy, plan, career, idea, purpose, etc.>

5) (beobachten) follow <conversation, events, trial, developments, etc.>

6)

* * *

verfolgen v/t

1. (Person) pursue, chase ( oder run) after; (Wild) track down

2. (Spur) follow

3. (Laufbahn, Politik, Idee etc, auch JUR, einen Anspruch) pursue

4. (jemanden) ungerecht, grausam: persecute; strafrechtlich: prosecute;

in seinem Heimatland (politisch) verfolgt werden be persecuted in one’s home country (for political reasons)

5. (bedrängen) dog, plague; mit Hass: persecute; (ständig beschäftigen) Traum etc: haunt;

vom Pech verfolgt dogged by misfortune;

der Gedanke verfolgt mich überall hin the thought haunts me everywhere I go

6. (Gedankengang) follow up

7. (Vorgang) follow, observe; (Entwicklung) trace ( auch IT);

sie verfolgte jede seiner Bewegungen she followed his every move

7. COMPUT (Änderungen in Textdokument) track

* * *

1) pursue; hunt, track < animal>

2) (bedrängen) plague

3) (bedrohen) persecute

4) (zu verwirklichen suchen) pursue <policy, plan, career, idea, purpose, etc.>

5) (beobachten) follow <conversation, events, trial, developments, etc.>

6)

* * *

to pursue v. v.

to follow v.

to follow up v.

to haunt v.

to obsess v.

to persecute v.

to pursue v.

to trace v.

to track v.

* * *

I. (en -er)

zo ( rensdyr) reindeer.

II. adj

(mods snavset) clean;

( ublandet, uforfalsket; moralsk ren; strengt teoretisk) pure ( fx pure gold (, wool); chemically pure; pure thoughts; chaste and pure; to the pure all things are pure; pure mathematics),

( om sprog: korrekt) pure;

( netto) net ( fx profit);

(mus.: ren og klar) pure ( fx voice, note),

( om tonehøjde) true ( fx pitch),

( om interval) perfect ( fx fourth kvart, fifth kvint);

( om omrids) clean-cut, clear; clean ( fx the clean lines of a motor car);

( ligefrem, ren og skær) pure ( fx kindness, nonsense), sheer ( fx

delight, ignorance, madness), absolute ( fx fool, genius),

T regular ( fx nuisance),

(kun neds) downright ( fx scoundrel, rudeness);

( blot og bar) mere ( fx a mere boy (, child));

(se også rent);

[ forb med sb:]

[ give ren besked] speak plainly, speak out;

[ give ham ren besked] give him a piece of one's mind;

[ gøre rent bord]

(dvs blive færdig) get through all one's work,

( tilstå) make a clean breast of it,

T come clean;

[ ren chokolade] plain chocolate;

[ ren fortjeneste] a clear profit ( fx a clear profit of £300);

[ det er ren fortjeneste] it is all profit;

[ en ren pigeskole] an all-girls school;

[ ren samvittighed] a clear conscience;

[ den rene sandhed] the plain truth;

[ ren skønhed] perfect beauty;

[ ren smag] pure taste;

[ ved et rent tilfælde] by the merest chance, by sheer accident;

[ af reneste vand]

(også fig) of the first (el. purest) water;

(se også idyl, mel, ord);

[ andre forb:]

[ det er det rene...] it is sheer ( fx luck, madness), it is pure ( fx

nonsense);

[få (el. bringe) på det rene] clear up ( fx the matter, the point);

[ få tingene på det rene]

(dvs få klarhed over) get things clear,

( fjerne misforståelser) put the record straight;

[ være på det rene med] realize;

[ give et barn rent på] change a baby's nappie;

[ lægge rent på sengene] change the bedclothes (el. bed linen);

[ ren og skær] sheer ( fx folly, ignorance), pure and simple;

( NB efterstillet, fx it was laziness (, carelessness, envy etc) pure and simple).

1. verb

1) to drag, or be dragged, along loosely:

2) to walk slowly and usually wearily:

3) to follow the track of:

2. noun

1) a track (of an animal):

2) a path through a forest or other wild area:

3) a line, or series of marks, left by something as it passes: